nt to recall what you heard at a later date, then it’s best to make a few notes covering the main points you heard.
类似你这种情况的人还有很多。我们也有许多人记不住所听的内容，即使在听母语广播时也不例外。原因是我们并没有时时刻刻高度集中我们的注意力。有时，电台或电视所播放的语言只是背景噪音，是与音乐传送带相对应的语言现象。所以，如果你真的想记住你所听到的内容，那么：
1) 你要确定你的兴趣是什么，它对你来说值不值得一听。
2) 真正用心听，集中精力听那些你想记忆的重要信息。
3) 不要把精力放在听辨个别单词上，一定要听文章的全貌。只要你抓住了全文的意思，听不清或听不懂个别词也没关系。
4) 听完广播之后，立即做一做自我测试，检验你能回忆起多少听过的内容。
5) 把你从电台听到的东西向别人复述。
6) 找个朋友一起听。广播结束后，你和他可以谈谈所听的内容。(你们听到的一致吗?)
7) 如果你想隔较长时间再回忆你所听的内容，那么你最好把你所听的要点记录下来。
16.When I listen to a long piece of English, I easily forget the main points of what I’ve just heard. Could you please tell me how to make notes?
当我听一段很长的英语时，很容易忘记刚才听到的内容。您能告诉我如何做笔记吗?
1) Really listen so that the spoken language has your full attention. Don’t worry about the meaning of individual words, but try to get the‘global meaning.
2) Decide on the main theme of the spoken language. Write this down in note form. This is your main heading.
3) Decide which points are being made that refer to this main theme. Write these down in note form under the main heading.
4) When the spoken language moves to another theme, repeat the process.
So, for example, imagine you are listening to a discussion on traffic jams in modern cities: what causes them, and how they can be remedied. You write down‘traffic jams as your main theme. Under that, you list‘causes’and under that, you list‘possible solutions’.
Remember, when making notes you should concentrate mainly on writing verbs and nouns without articles. Use dashes to provide the missing links, e.g.
Ban traffic －city centres
Improve public transport－more investment
Encourage more people per car, etc.
1) 做到真正地用心听，全神贯注。不必担心个别听不懂的词，尽量抓住全文的意思。
2) 确定所听内容的中心思想，并以笔记的形式记录下来。这就是你定的标题。
3) 确定哪几个要点与中心意思有关。在标题下面以笔记的形式记录下来。
4) 当谈话的议题转换时，重复这一过程。
比如：假设你正在听一段有关现代化都市交通阻塞的讨论：导致这一问题的原因是什么?这一问题如何补救?你写下“交通阻塞”作为你的中心议题。在这一标题下，你列举出“原因”和可能的“解决方案”。
记住，在做笔记时，集中记录动词和名词，而不记冠词。运用破折号充当联系前后的纽带。例如：
禁止交通阻塞——市中心
改善公共交通——增加投资
鼓励车多载人，等等。
17．What’s the way to practise speaking in a non-English environment?
在非英语环境中练习说英语能力的最佳途径是什么?
Lack of opportunity to use the language is every student’s problem. That’s why, in China for example, foreigners are often rapidly surrounded by young people who want to practise their English. (I know, because it’s often happened to me.) Unfortunately, the visitors have their own agenda, which doesn’t necessarily include being used for English practice!
The only natural way to use English in a non-English speaking environment occurs when you are dealing with foreigners who are visiting your country and who are using English as the medium of communication. (A visitor’s English might be non-native as well.) You will then use English quite naturally when you are entertaining, showing your visitors the sights, etc. Human beings love to exchange information about themselves and their families, so there is always plenty to talk about.
If you don’t come into contact with foreigners for professional purposes, then arrange to meet other local people who want to practise speaking English, just as you do. You collectively decide that you will use English only and help and correct each other as necessary. Do this regularly. Choose a topic in advance, so that members of the group can think about it and prepare some of the vocabulary they will need. Turn it into a pleasant social occasion when you meet at someone's house or go out together as a group. It will do wonders for your spoken English.
缺少机会运用语言是每一个学生所面临的问题。这也是为什么在中国外国人能够很快被想练习说英语的年轻人围住。(我当然知道，因为类似的事经常发生在我身上。)遗憾的是，来访的人都有自己的日程安排，不一定能腾出时间与中国学生练习英语!
那么在非英语环境中使用英语的惟一可行办法是与在你的国家参观访问的外国人交往：与把英语作为交际媒介的人交往。(外国人讲的英语未必是自己的母语。)这样，你会在带领外国朋友进行旅游消遣活动时，很自然地使用英语。人们喜欢互相交流有关他们自己及家庭方面的情况，所以总是有很多东西可以谈。
如果你的职业无法使你接触到外国人，那么可以找一些想练习说英语的本地人彼此谈谈。大家可以决定只准许用英语交谈，必要时互相帮助修改错误。定期做这种练习。事先选定一个题目，以便小组中的成员可以事先思考，准备所需的词汇。当你们相聚在某人家里或者作为一个集体外出时，你们之间的谈话就会变成一次温馨的社交活动。你们的英语口语水平也就会因此突飞猛进了。
18. I always get a high score in English exams, but my English communication is poor. Can you give me some advice?
我经常可以在英语考试中获得高分，但我的英语交流水平却不行。您能否给我提一些建议?
This is a common phenomenon. Passing English exams is not the same thing as being proficient in English. Why should this be? Because passing exams means mastering exam techniques (accurately interpreting and answering the questions, finishing on time, etc.) and getting plenty of practice in all the tasks normally set in exams (multiple choice questions, usage questions, etc.). You can be good at all these ‘accomplishments’ and still have a rotten command of English when you need to use it in real life. The objectives of an examination and the techniques for achieving them rarely coincide with communicative skills. When do we need multiple choice in real life? Never! This problem will only be resolved when the skills required by examination boards coincide more or less precisely with the skills required for communication. Progress in this direction is extremely slow. So what can you do about it? Once you’ve got the exam qualification behind you, you have to concentrate on improving your receptive skills (listening and reading) and developing your productive skills (speaking and writing) in a way that will really help you to communicate.
这是个常见现象。顺利通过英语考试与熟练地使用英语是两码事儿。为什么呢?这是因为通过考试意味着掌握了应试技巧(准确的翻译及回答问题、按时完成测试内容，等等)和做了许多针对性的训练(如多项选择题、有关惯用法的问题，等等)。所以你可能陶醉于这些“成就”中，可一旦把它付诸实际运用，你就会发现你的交流水平捉襟见肘了。其实，考试的目的和应试的技巧并不总与我们提高交流技能的需要相吻合。在现实生活中，我们什么时候需要多项选择?从来不需要!这个问题只能这样解决：考试委员会要求学生们掌握的技巧或多或少地与交流所要求掌握的技巧相吻合。但目前朝这一方向的进展却相当缓慢。
那么你该怎么办呢?一旦你考试通过，你必须集中精力提高和培养自己的感受技巧(听和读)与创造技巧(说和写)，以此来帮助你进行交流。
19.How to speak English fluently?
如何才能说流利的英语?
When learning to speak a language, we basically have to do four things:
understand
answer
