您现在的位置: 快乐英语网 >> 考试英语 >> 高考英语 >> 正文

盘点高考英语非谓语动词作状语

  在高中阶段,非谓语动词既是学习重点,也是学习难点,同时又是历年高考必考的语法项目。其中,非谓语动词作状语是考查的重中之重,故笔者借各地高考真题就其考点加以归纳分析,以期对同学们的复习有所帮助。

  时态与语态

  1. 不定式作状语时的时态与语态。不定式如果表示未来的动作,就用其一般式,与逻辑主语构成主动关系用to do,被动关系用to be done。如果不定式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作(几乎)同时进行,并强调正在进行或持续性,可用其进行式to be doing (常作原因状语)。如果不定式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,并/或对现在造成了影响,就用其完成式,与逻辑主语构成主动关系用 to have done (常作原因状语),被动关系用to have been done (常作原因状语)。

  [高考链接]

  ① I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ________ in a year. (2005年湖南卷)

  A. follows B. followed

  C. to follow D. being followed

  ② You were silly not ________ your car. (2004年湖南卷)

  A. to lock B. to have locked

  C. locking D. having locked

  【解析】① C。逗号后的独立主格结构充当状语,对主句进行补充说明。由in a year可知,follow是未来的动作,故用不定式的一般式,因此C为正确答案。② B。形容词silly后常用不定式作状语,表示silly的原因,故排除C、D。又因lock的动作已经发生,并对现在造成了影响(were silly),所以不定式应用完成时,故选B。

  2. 分词作状语时的时态与语态。如果现在分词所表达的动作与谓语动词所表达的动作(几乎)同时发生,则非谓语动词与其主语构成主动关系用doing,被动关系用being done。若分词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,则非谓语动词与其主语构成主动关系用having done,被动关系用having been done或done (前者侧重于强调动作发生的时间先后,后者侧重于强调动作已经发生而不是正在发生或将要发生)。不及物动词只有主动形式doing或having done,没有被动形式。

  分词作状语需注意两种用法。第一,对于已经形容词化的分词,如surprised/surprising、excited/exciting等,过去分词意为“感到……”,其逻辑主语一般是人,表达主语的情绪反应;现在分词意为“令人感到……”,其逻辑主语一般是物,表达事物的性质特征。第二,有一类表示状态的短语只能使用“过去分词+介词”的结构。例如interested in、pleased with、satisfied with、crowded with、surprised at、devoted to、lost in、tired of、equipped with、filled with、dressed in、worried about、caught in、faced with、fed up with、used to、accustomed to、seated (in/on)等。

  [高考链接]

  ① The lady walked around the shops, ________ an eye out for bargains. (2010年江西卷)

  A. keep B. kept

  C. keeping D. to keep

  ② ________ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (2005年湖北卷)

  A. Being separated

  B. Having separated

  C. Having been separated

  D. To be separated

  ③ ________ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. (2009年福建卷)

  A. Reminding B. Reminded

  C. To remind D. Having reminded

  ④ ________ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. (2005年湖南卷)

  A. Dressed B. To dress

  C. Dressing D. Having dressed

  【解析】① C。由句子主语lady和keep之间的主动关系可排除B选项。又因walk和keep是同时发生的动作,表示边走边看,故选keep的现在分词形式,表示伴随的动作。② C。题中的时间状语for millions of years是完成时的标志,故排除A、D。又因separate与其逻辑主语Australia构成被动关系,故用having been separated作原因状语。③ B。由于remind与其逻辑主语the manager构成被动关系,故排除A、C、D,选B。④ A。Dress可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词。Sb. be dressed in sth.表示某人穿着某件衣服的状态,而sb. dress in sth.表示穿衣的动作。题干的意思是:“他穿着白色制服时,看起来更像厨师而不是医生。”由此可知,此处表达的是穿衣的状态而非动作,且没有动作的时间先后之分,故选用dress的过去分词形式,排除B、C、D。

  所作状语的种类

  1. 不定式作目的状语。非谓语动词作目的状语时常用不定式的一般式。从结构上讲,不定式作目的状语放于句首时,通常用逗号将其和句子隔开。

  [高考链接]

  ① With Father's Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank ______ presents for my dad. (2010年全国卷I)

  A. buy B. to buy

  C. buying D. to have bought

  ② In order to improve English, ______. (2001年上海春招卷)

  A. Jenny's father bought her a lot of tapes

  B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself

  C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny

  D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny's father

  【解析】① B。题干的意思为:“父亲节将要到来,为了给爸爸买礼物我已经从银行取了一些钱。”空格后的部分说明了取钱的目的,因此用不定式作目的状语。② B。表目的的不定式中,非谓语动词的逻辑主语应是后面主句的主语,只有B选项的主语Jenny才是improve的逻辑主语,故选B。

  2. 分词作让步、时间、伴随、方式或条件状语。表伴随、方式或条件状语的现在分词常用其一般式。

  [高考链接]

  ① Dina, ________ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. (2010年湖南卷)

  A. struggling B. struggled

  C. having struggled D. to struggle

  ② ________ the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height. (2010年上海卷)

  A. Approaching B. Approached

  C. To approach D. To be approached

  ③ Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, ________ supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake. (2010年福建卷)

  A. sending B. to send

  C. having sent D. to have sent

  【解析】① C。分词短语作让步状语,其逻辑主语Dina与struggle为主动关系,排除B。又由句中的finally可知,struggle的动作发生在took a position之前,故用现在分词的完成时。② A。此处分词短语作时间状语,还原成时间状语从句为when we were approaching。Approach与主语we之间是主动关系,排除B、D。又因saw的动作发生时,approach的动作正在进行,故选A。③ A。非谓语动词send与主句的谓语动词were working表示的动作同时发生,并且与逻辑主语workers构成主动关系,故选sending,表伴随。

  3. 不定式和分词作原因状语。分词充当原因状语时,常位于主句之前,有时也可位于主句之后。在表示喜、怒、哀、乐等表示情感的形容词之后常用不定式作原因状语,表示引起某种情绪变化的原因。

  [高考链接]

  ① He had a wonderful childhood, ________ with his mother to all corners of the world. (2010年安徽卷)

  A. travel B. to travel

  C. traveled D. traveling

  ② We were astonished ________ the temple still in its original condition. (2010年辽宁卷)

  A. finding B. to find

  C. find D. to be found

  【解析】① D。逻辑主语he与动词travel之间为主动关系,排除C。又因travel的动作和主句的谓语动词的动作同时发生,故用traveling,表示had a wonderful childhood的原因。② B。Astonished是表示情绪的形容词,其后应用动词不定式作原因状语,故选B。

  4. 不定式和分词作结果状语。不定式和分词作结果状语时,常位于句末。不定式作结果状语表示预料之外的不愉快的结果,其前常用only。常见的这类动词有find、hear、see、be told、form、give、make、produce等。Too ... to ...、 ... enough to ...、so/such ... as to等结构中的不定式也可以表示结果。现在分词作结果状语表示伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果。

  [高考链接]

  ① It rained heavily in the south, _____ serious flooding in several provinces. (2010年天津卷)

  A. caused B. having caused

  C. causing D. to cause

  ② He hurried to the booking office only _____ that all the tickets had been sold out. (2006年陕西卷)

  A. to tell B. to be told

  C. telling D. told

  【解析】① C。题干的意思为:“南方下了大雨,在几个省区造成了严重洪灾。”空格后serious flooding是由于rained heavily而产生的自然结果,且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系,所以选causing作结果状语。② B。题干的意思为:“他匆匆来到售票处,却被告知票已售完。”结果在逻辑主语he的预料之外,应用不定式,排除C、D。又因逻辑主语he是被告知的,故用to be told表示结果。

  With结构和独立主格结构

  “with +宾语(名词/代词) +不定式/分词”或独立主格结构“主语(名词/代词) +不定式/分词”结构可以在句中作状语,表示伴随或时间、原因等。不定式表示动作未发生;现在分词表示动作正在发生;过去分词表示动作已经发生或被动。判断with复合结构中不定式或分词用主动还是被动,重点要看非谓语动词与with复合结构中的宾语或主句的主语的关系。独立主格结构的主被动形式取决于非谓语动词与其前面的名词/代词的关系。

  [高考链接]

  ① Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions ________ ? (2009年海南卷)

  A. taking B. take

  C. taken D. to take

  ② —Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

  —Sorry. With so much work ________ my mind, I almost break down. (2007年福建卷)

  A. filled B. filling

  C. to fill D. being filled

  ③ With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (2002年上海春招卷)

  A. settled B. settling

  C. to settle D. being settled

  ④ The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ________ for the day. (2007年重庆卷)

  A. finishing B. finished

  C. had finished D. were finished

  【解析】① C。Take与the decisions之间是被动关系,且take的动作已经发生,故用过去分词表示被动。② B。根据I almost break down可知,此时fill表示正在发生的动作,并与work构成主动关系,故用filling。③ C。由主句可知,settle的动作还未发生,故用不定式形式。④ B。逗号后面的部分有独立的主语their lessons,且逗号前后部分之间并无任何连词连接,故后半部分应为独立主格结构,空格处应填入非谓语动词,故排除D。由于finish的动作已经发生,排除A。又因finish与其逻辑主语lessons构成被动关系,且finish这个动作已经完成,故选B。该独立主格结构在句中充当原因状语。

  固定的非谓语动词结构

  这类结构通常表示说话人对话语的看法和态度或对整个句子进行说明和解释,被称为“评注性状语”。例如副词+ speaking、judging from/by、coming to/talking/speaking of、according to、owing to、seeing that (鉴于……)、considering/taking ... into consideration、including、providing/supposing (that) ... (假定……)、leaving ... on one side (抛开……不谈)、concerning/regarding/respecting/touching (关于)、given (考虑到)、all told (总之)、compared with/to、to tell you the truth、to be honest、to begin with、to make a long story short (长话短说)、to be brief (简言之)、to be exact (精确地说)、to make matters worse、to conclude/to sum up等。

  [高考链接]

  ________ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (2000年北京春招卷)

  A. Given B. To give

  C. Giving D. Having given

  【解析】A。Given在此意为“鉴于、考虑到”。这种评说性的独立成分作状语,其逻辑主语不要求和句子的主语保持一致。题干的意思是:“考虑到他的健康状况,他手术后还需要一段时间才能恢复过来。”

  状语从句省略时非谓语动词的选择

  在以when、while、if、as if、though (although)、as、whether、once、whenever、before、 after等连词引导的状语从句中,若从句的主语是it或与主句的主语相同,且从句谓语中含有be动词时,常省略从句的主语和be动词,引导词后直接跟不定式或分词。高考中常见的结构有:when/while/though/before/after +现在分词;when/if/even if/unless/once/until/than +过去分词;as if/as though +不定式。

  [高考链接]

  ① When ________ help, one often says "Thank you." or "It's kind of you." (2005年福建卷)

  A. offering B. to offer

  C. to be offered D. offered

  ② When ________ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006年浙江卷)

  A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared

  【解析】① D。② C。两题都是考查时间状语从句的省略, 主从句的主语一致,从句中的主语和be动词可以省略。试题①的选项动词offer与逻辑主语one是被动关系,还原后为when one is offered help。试题②的选项动词compare与逻辑主语we是主动关系,还原后为when we are comparing different cultures。

  谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别

  1. 考查句首动词。如果题干结构是“句子+连词/分号/破折号+句子”,则这个句子应是祈使句,置于句首的动词应为动词原形。最常见的连词或起连词作用的短语有and、or、otherwise、in case 等,连词前可以有逗号,也可以没有。若前后两句之间无连词、分号或破折号等,前后只用逗号分开,要用分词充当状语。

  [高考链接]

  ① ________ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player. (2003年北京卷)

  A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given

  ② ________ the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting. (2008年湖南卷)

  A. Having searched B. To search

  C. Searching D. Search

  【解析】① D。前后两部分之间只有逗号,而无连词,故应用非谓语动词充当条件状语。又因动词give与其逻辑主语he构成被动关系,因此选given。② D。前后两部分之间有逗号和连词and,是祈使句,因此句首动词应是动词原形,故选D。

  2. 考查句中或句末动词。几个动作先后接连发生时,若表示并列,前面动词之间用逗号分开,并在最后一个动词前加一个and或but连接。若连接词不是位于最后一个动词前,则连接词所连动词后的动词用非谓语形式。

  [高考链接]

  ① Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods. (2004年上海春招卷)

  A. seizing; disappeared

  B. seized; disappeared

  C. seizing; disappearing

  D. seized; disappearing

  ② At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ________ down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005年上海卷)

  A. sitting B. having sat

  C. to sit D. sat

  【解析】① D。该句seize、take、disappear这三个动作虽然是先后发生,但连接词and没有位于最后一个动词前,故seize和take是并列谓语,disappear充当状语。故seize应与took时态保持一致,排除A、C。而最后一个动词disappear应用动词的非谓语形式,又因它与其逻辑主语a tall man是主动关系,排除B,故选D。② D。由连词and可知,该句中动词sit与found作并列谓语,二者时态应保持一致,故选D。

回到顶部