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英语阅读问题汇总(二)(4)

亲们只能通过讲母语向自己的后代表达对他们的深情厚爱。因此,确保你的宝宝从你身上学习汉语是极为重要的。如果你一开始就说一些宝宝不甚理解的话,他一定会感到奇怪,甚至糊涂,你也会发现对你的宝宝说英语是极不自然的。因此,我建议前3年你坚持用汉语教育你的宝宝,其后以游戏的方式教孩子学习英语。游戏的时间不可过长,但要经常重复,比如在早晨起床时或在一起用餐时你可以选定个时间。如果你想让你的宝宝一开始就学习英语,你必须找一位可以对你的宝宝说英语的人。这样,你的宝宝就会用汉语与你交流,用英语与那一位交流,所以他一开始就接受双语教育。虽然对真正受过双语教育的孩子们来说理解两门外语并不是件难事儿,但直到六七岁他们仍然只以母语为交流语言。这对他们的个性发展是正常的,也是至关重要的。不要破坏你与宝宝间的关系,也不要干涉宝宝的天性。

193. How and where can we use the subjunctive mood?

The subjunctive is extremely rare in English and it shouldn’t worry you. We can nearly always manage without it. We used to use the subjunctive to refer to hypothetical situations. Here are a few of the more common examples:
 〖ZK(〗after if: you will hardly ever hear the present subjunctive after if these days (If he be ...). We use the simple present instead: If he is ...
We still use the past subjunctive after if: If I were in your position ... But we can avoid this as well and say: If I was in your position ...〖ZK)〗
 〖ZK(〗after adjectives like vital, essential, important: Its important that he see a doctor. However, we nearly always avoid this and say: Its important that he sees a doctor.〖ZK)〗
 〖ZK(〗after verbs like propose and suggest: I suggest he see a doctor. Again, we often avoid this and say: I suggest he sees a doctor.〖ZK)〗
The conclusion is: dont worry about the subjunctive forms because they are increasingly archaic and you can express yourself very well without them.

194. How to study the prepositions well?

Prepositions are generally ‘small’ words we use in English to show relationships, mainly in space and time:
space: We ran across the field.
time: The plane arrived at 4.
A preposition is always followed by an object and is different from an adverb particle, which does not have an object:
We drove round the city. (round + object = preposition)
We drove round. (no object = adverb particle)
If you understand the basic principles behind the use of prepositions, you will find them easier to handle. When dealing with space, you have to understand that English draws a distinction between movement and position. The choice of preposition is often determined by the verb:
Movement: 〖ZK(〗I went to the station. Ive come from the station. (movement to and from)〖ZK)〗
Position: 〖ZK(〗I was at the station. I waited at the station. (position without movement)〖ZK)〗
To show position, we use at to show a point in space and in when referring to a larger area (especially place names):
Movement: John went to the kitchen.
Position: He is in the kitchen. (= inside that area)
Movement: John went to New York.
Position: He is in New York. (= inside a large area)
With some nouns, we can use at or in, depending on how we view them:
Ill meet you at the restaurant. (= a point in space, presumably outside the restaurant)
Ill meet you in the restaurant. (= actually inside it)
Learn the basic meanings of common prepositions (across, along, past, near, etc.) and then see how they are used with ‘movement verbs’ like go, fly, run, etc. and ‘position verbs’ like be, stay, wait.
Where time is concerned, you have to remember that we use:
at + time: Ill see you at six o’clock.
on + day: Ill see you on Monday.
on + date: My birthday is on May 13th.
in + month/year: Ill see you in January. Ill see you in 1996.
Once youve mastered these basic uses, note how other prepositions like before and after can be used to talk about time.
Really take time to master these basic uses. If you dont, you will be permanently confused by prepositions and might feel defeated by them.

195. What do you think about the idea that to master a foreign language one must forget his own native language?

有这么一种看法:掌握一门外语,必须忘记自己的母语。您是如何看待这一看法呢?

There is a great deal of truth in this idea, except I wouldn’t put it so strongly. I wouldn’t say you have to forget your native language (after all, that is quite impossible). I would say you have to discount your native language. Interference from your native language is the biggest barrier to acquisition. It’s natural for a learner to use the same ‘linguistic behaviour’ in a foreign language as he/she uses in the native language. For example, if in your own language you ask a question merely through intonation, you will want to do this in English: ‘You arrived here last night?’ instead of ‘Did you arrive here last night?’ In Chinese, you don’t have the same notion of tense as we have in English, so you want to say: ‘He go to school every day’ instead of ‘He goes to school every day.’

You don’t have the same notion of plural as we have in English, so you might say: ‘I can see two car in the street’ instead of ‘I can see two cars in the street.’
In order to produce the correct English, you have to discount the way you express yourself in Chinese. You then have to practise the correct way of saying something in English until you are fluent. In a sense, you have to unlearn the habits you have acquired in your native language in order to master the habit you need to speak a foreign language. This is very difficult and accounts for the different foreign varieties of English you hear round the world (Frenglish, Spanglish, Chinglish, etc.): the native language is asserting itself in English and ‘interfering’ with acquisition. Interference occurs in all areas: pronunciation, stress and intonation, grammar, vocabulary as well as in ways of thinking, ways of problem-solving. Even misunderstandings among nations are often the direct product of this kind of interference.

这个看法本身很有道理,我只是不愿过分地强调它罢了。我不能说你必须忘掉你的母语(毕竟那是很不可能的)。我只说母语的因素在你学习外语过程中应该降低。来自母语的干扰是你掌握英语的最大障碍。对一个外语学习者来说,把他/她用在母语中的“语言行为”用在外语中是很自然的。例如,如果在你的母语中疑问是通过语调来表示的,你在英语中也会这样做:

你会说You arrived here last night?,而不是Did you arrive here last night?。汉语里没有英语中时态这个概念,所以你自然会说He go to school every d

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